Grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) with knockdown resistance (kdr) to insecticide exhibit fitness trade-offs, including increased vulnerability to the natural enemy Aphidius ervi

• Gail E. Jackson ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: G.Jackson@ed.ac.uk

  Affiliation The School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-7340

  ⨯
• Gaynor Malloch,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources

  Affiliation The James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Louise McNamara,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology

  Affiliation Teagasc, Crops Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland

  ⨯
• Damon Little

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation The School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

  ⨯