Robust methods in Mendelian randomization via penalization of heterogeneous causal estimates

• Jessica M. B. Rees,

  Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  Affiliations Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom, Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, United Kingdom

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• Angela M. Wood,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom

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• Frank Dudbridge,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom

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• Stephen Burgess

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: sb452@medschl.cam.ac.uk

  Affiliations Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom, MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-8760

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