Large mammal declines and the incipient loss of mammal-bird mutualisms in an African savanna ecosystem

• Nathan Diplock ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Nathan Diplock, Christian Kiffner

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania

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• Kate Johnston ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Biology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

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• Antoine Mellon ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

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• Laura Mitchell ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-9909

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• Madison Moore ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Biological Foundations of Behavior, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Daniel Schneider ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Science, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Alyssa Taylor ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Jess Whitney ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Kera Zegar ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

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• John Kioko,

  Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania

  ⨯
• Christian Kiffner

  Contributed equally to this work with: Nathan Diplock, Christian Kiffner

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: ckiffne@gwdg.de

  Affiliation Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-9023

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