Causal language and strength of inference in academic and media articles shared in social media (CLAIMS): A systematic review

• Noah Haber ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: nhaber@unc.edu

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-1769

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• Emily R. Smith,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America

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• Ellen Moscoe,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

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• Kathryn Andrews,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-1152

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• Robin Audy,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Unaffiliated, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

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• Winnie Bell,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, United States of America

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• Alana T. Brennan,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America

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• Alexander Breskin,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

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• Jeremy C. Kane,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

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• Mahesh Karra,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America

  http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-092X

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• Elizabeth S. McClure,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2339-8766

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• Elizabeth A. Suarez,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

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• on behalf of the CLAIMS research team

  ¶Complete membership of the CLAIMS research team can be found in the acknowledgments

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