Blindness enhances auditory obstacle circumvention: Assessing echolocation, sensory substitution, and visual-based navigation

• Andrew J. Kolarik ,

  * E-mail: ak771@cam.ac.uk

  Affiliations Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, University of London, London, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-7512

  ⨯
• Amy C. Scarfe,

  Affiliations Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical Engineering, Medical Imaging and Medical Physics Directorate, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Brian C. J. Moore,

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Shahina Pardhan

  Affiliation Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯