A novel visual facial anxiety scale for assessing preoperative anxiety

• Xuezhao Cao,

  Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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• Roya Yumul,

  Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Ofelia Loani Elvir Lazo,

  Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Jeremy Friedman,

  Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Omar Durra,

  Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Xiao Zhang,

  Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Paul F. White

  * E-mail: Paul.White@cshs.org, Whitemountaininstitute@hotmail.com

  Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Anesthesiology, White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, California, United States of America

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