Do picture-based charts overestimate visual acuity? Comparison of Kay Pictures, Lea Symbols, HOTV and Keeler logMAR charts with Sloan letters in adults and children

• Nicola S. Anstice ,

  * E-mail: n.anstice@auckland.ac.nz

  Affiliation School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Robert J. Jacobs ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Robert J. Jacobs, Benjamin Thompson, Andrew V. Collins

  Affiliation School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Samantha K. Simkin,

  Current address: Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  Affiliation School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Melissa Thomson,

  Current address: OPSM Thames, Thames, Waikato, New Zealand

  Affiliation School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  ⨯
• Benjamin Thompson ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Robert J. Jacobs, Benjamin Thompson, Andrew V. Collins

  Affiliations School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Andrew V. Collins

  Contributed equally to this work with: Robert J. Jacobs, Benjamin Thompson, Andrew V. Collins

  Affiliation School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

  ⨯