Housing and Demographic Risk Factors Impacting Foot and Musculoskeletal Health in African Elephants [Loxodonta africana] and Asian Elephants [Elephas maximus] in North American Zoos

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Michele A. Miller ,

* E-mail: michelemiller128@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jennifer N. Hogan,

Affiliation Animal Welfare Assessment, Research & Education (AWARE) Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Cheryl L. Meehan

Affiliation Animal Welfare Assessment, Research & Education (AWARE) Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Elephants
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Feet
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Medical risk factors
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Skeletal joints
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Veterinarians
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Veterinary pathology
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Body limbs
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Rubber
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