Recumbence Behavior in Zoo Elephants: Determination of Patterns and Frequency of Recumbent Rest and Associated Environmental and Social Factors

• Matthew R. Holdgate ,

  * E-mail: mholdgate@gmail.com

  Affiliations Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Conservation Research Division, Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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• Cheryl L. Meehan,

  Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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• Jennifer N. Hogan,

  Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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• Lance J. Miller,

  Affiliation Chicago Zoological Society—Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, United States of America

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• Jeff Rushen,

  Affiliation Dairy Education and Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Agassiz, Canada

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• Anne Marie de Passillé,

  Affiliation Dairy Education and Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Agassiz, Canada

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• Joseph Soltis,

  Affiliation Department of Education & Science, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America

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• Jeff Andrews,

  Affiliation Zoological Operations, Busch Gardens, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

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• David J. Shepherdson

  Affiliations Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Conservation Research Division, Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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