Reproductive Health Assessment of Female Elephants in North American Zoos and Association of Husbandry Practices with Reproductive Dysfunction in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)

• Janine L. Brown ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Janine L. Brown, Stephen Paris, Natalia A. Prado-Oviedo

  * E-mail: brownjan@si.edu

  Affiliation Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America

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• Stephen Paris ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Janine L. Brown, Stephen Paris, Natalia A. Prado-Oviedo

  Affiliation Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America

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• Natalia A. Prado-Oviedo ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Janine L. Brown, Stephen Paris, Natalia A. Prado-Oviedo

  Affiliation Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America

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• Cheryl L. Meehan ,

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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• Jennifer N. Hogan ,

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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• Kari A. Morfeld ,

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America, Lincoln Children’s Zoo, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

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• Kathy Carlstead

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Portland, OR, United States of America

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