Possible Synergistic Effects of Thymol and Nicotine against Crithidia bombi Parasitism in Bumble Bees

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Olivia Masi Biller ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Olivia Masi Biller, Evan C. Palmer-Young

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Lynn S. Adler,

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Rebecca E. Irwin,

Current address: Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Caitlin McAllister,

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
Evan C. Palmer-Young

Contributed equally to this work with: Olivia Masi Biller, Evan C. Palmer-Young

* E-mail: epalmery@cns.umass.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Nicotine replacement therapy
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Bees
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Parasitic diseases
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Nicotine
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Honey bees
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Flowering plants
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