Environmental and Intrinsic Correlates of Stress in Free-Ranging Wolves

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Barbara Molnar ,

* E-mail: bmolnar17@gmail.com

Affiliation Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
⨯
Julien Fattebert,

Affiliation School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
⨯
Rupert Palme,

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria
⨯
Paolo Ciucci,

Affiliation Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
⨯
Bruno Betschart,

Affiliation Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
⨯
Douglas W. Smith,

Affiliation Yellowstone Center of Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States of America
⨯
Peter-Allan Diehl

Affiliation Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
⨯

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Wolves
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Deer
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Cortisol
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Death rates
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Social status
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Animal sociality
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Population density
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