Microevolution of Anthrax from a Young Ancestor (M.A.Y.A.) Suggests a Soil-Borne Life Cycle of Bacillus anthracis

• Peter Braun,

  Affiliations Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Chair for Soil Ecology, Freising, Germany

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• Gregor Grass ,

  * E-mail: gregorgrass@bundeswehr.org

  Affiliation Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany

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• Angela Aceti,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Luigina Serrecchia,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Alessia Affuso,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Leonardo Marino,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Stefania Grimaldi,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Stefania Pagano,

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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• Matthias Hanczaruk,

  Affiliation Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany

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• Enrico Georgi,

  Affiliation Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany

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• Bernd Northoff,

  Affiliations Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Munich, Germany

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• Anne Schöler,

  Affiliation German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg, Germany

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• Michael Schloter,

  Affiliations Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Chair for Soil Ecology, Freising, Germany, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Neuherberg, Germany

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• Markus Antwerpen,

  Affiliation Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany

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• Antonio Fasanella

  Affiliation Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Foggia, Italy

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