Presence of Cleaved Synaptosomal-Associated Protein-25 and Decrease of Purinergic Receptors P2X3 in the Bladder Urothelium Influence Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Overactive Bladder Syndrome

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Hsin-Tzu Liu ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Hsin-Tzu Liu, Sung-Ho Chen

Affiliations PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Voiding Dysfunction Therapeutic Center, Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Sung-Ho Chen ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Hsin-Tzu Liu, Sung-Ho Chen

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Michael B. Chancellor,

Affiliation Department of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
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Hann-Chorng Kuo

* E-mail: hck@tzuchi.com.tw.

Affiliation Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Synaptic vesicles
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