Pyrethroids and Nectar Toxins Have Subtle Effects on the Motor Function, Grooming and Wing Fanning Behaviour of Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Caitlin J. Oliver ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Caitlin J. Oliver, Samantha Softley

Affiliations Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Samantha Softley ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Caitlin J. Oliver, Samantha Softley

Affiliations Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Sally M. Williamson,

Affiliations Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Philip C. Stevenson,

Affiliations Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Geraldine A. Wright

* E-mail: jeri.wright@ncl.ac.uk

Affiliation Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bees
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Honey bees
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Toxins
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Sodium channels
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Pesticides
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Behavior
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Animal wings
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Walking
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