Unexpected Inflammatory Effects of Intravaginal Gels (Universal Placebo Gel and Nonoxynol-9) on the Upper Female Reproductive Tract: A Randomized Crossover Study

• Karen Smith-McCune ,

  * E-mail: kmccune@obgyn.ucsf.edu

  Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Joseph C. Chen,

  Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Ruth M. Greenblatt,

  Affiliations Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Uma Shanmugasundaram,

  Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

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• Barbara L. Shacklett,

  Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America

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• Joan F. Hilton,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Brittni Johnson,

  Current address: UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

  Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Juan C. Irwin,

  Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Linda C Giudice

  Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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