Evidence for Immune Response, Axonal Dysfunction and Reduced Endocytosis in the Substantia Nigra in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Anke A. Dijkstra; Angela Ingrassia; Renee X. de Menezes; Ronald E. van Kesteren; Annemieke J. M. Rozemuller; Peter Heutink; Wilma D. J. van de Berg

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128651

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Evidence for Immune Response, Axonal Dysfunction and Reduced Endocytosis in the Substantia Nigra in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Anke A. Dijkstra ,

* E-mail: adijkstra@memory.ucsf.edu

Current address: Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America

Affiliations Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, section Quantitative Morphology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Medical genomics, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⨯
Angela Ingrassia,

Affiliation Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, section Quantitative Morphology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⨯
Renee X. de Menezes,

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ronald E. van Kesteren,

Affiliation Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⨯
Annemieke J. M. Rozemuller,

Affiliation Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⨯
Peter Heutink,

Affiliations Department of Medical genomics, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
⨯
Wilma D. J. van de Berg

Affiliation Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, section Quantitative Morphology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⨯

Evidence for Immune Response, Axonal Dysfunction and Reduced Endocytosis in the Substantia Nigra in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Anke A. Dijkstra,
Angela Ingrassia,
Renee X. de Menezes,
Ronald E. van Kesteren,
Annemieke J. M. Rozemuller,
Peter Heutink,
Wilma D. J. van de Berg

Published: June 18, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128651

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Thrombin signaling
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Parkinson disease
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Protein kinase signaling cascade
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Immune response
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