Preparatory Body State before Reacting to an Opponent: Short-Term Joint Torque Fluctuation in Real-Time Competitive Sports

• Keisuke Fujii ,

  * E-mail: keisuke198619@gmail.com

  Affiliations Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan

  ⨯
• Daichi Yamashita,

  Affiliation Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

  ⨯
• Tetsuya Kimura,

  Affiliation Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan

  ⨯
• Tadao Isaka,

  Affiliation Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan

  ⨯
• Motoki Kouzaki

  Affiliation Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

  ⨯