Ethanolic Echinacea purpurea Extracts Contain a Mixture of Cytokine-Suppressive and Cytokine-Inducing Compounds, Including Some That Originate from Endophytic Bacteria

• Daniel A. Todd ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel A. Todd, Travis V. Gulledge

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Travis V. Gulledge ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel A. Todd, Travis V. Gulledge

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Emily R. Britton,

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Martina Oberhofer,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Martha Leyte-Lugo,

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Ashley N. Moody,

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Tatsiana Shymanovich,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Laura F. Grubbs,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Monika Juzumaite,

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Tyler N. Graf,

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Nicholas H. Oberlies,

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Stanley H. Faeth,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Scott M. Laster,

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Nadja B. Cech

  * E-mail: nadja_cech@uncg.edu

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America

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