What Drives Farmers to Make Top-Down or Bottom-Up Adaptation to Climate Change and Fluctuations? A Comparative Study on 3 Cases of Apple Farming in Japan and South Africa

• Mariko Fujisawa,

  Affiliations The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan, African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI), University of Cape Town, Private Bag x3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa

  ⨯
• Kazuhiko Kobayashi ,

  * E-mail: k.kobayashi.ut@gmail.com

  Affiliation The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan

  ⨯
• Peter Johnston,

  Affiliation Climate System Analysis Group (CSAG), University of Cape Town, Private Bag x3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa

  ⨯
• Mark New

  Affiliation African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI), University of Cape Town, Private Bag x3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa

  ⨯