Neuronal Antibody Biomarkers for Sydenham’s Chorea Identify a New Group of Children with Chronic Recurrent Episodic Acute Exacerbations of Tic and Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms Following a Streptococcal Infection

• Harvey S. Singer ,

  * E-mail: hsinger@jhmi.edu

  Affiliation Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Adda Mascaro-Blanco,

  Affiliation Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

  ⨯
• Kathy Alvarez,

  Affiliation Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

  ⨯
• Christina Morris-Berry,

  Affiliation Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Ivana Kawikova,

  Affiliation Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

  ⨯
• Hilla Ben-Pazi,

  Affiliation Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

  ⨯
• Carol B. Thompson,

  Affiliation Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Syed F. Ali,

  Affiliation Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Edward L. Kaplan,

  Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

  ⨯
• Madeleine W. Cunningham

  Affiliation Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

  ⨯