Ecosystem Scale Declines in Elk Recruitment and Population Growth with Wolf Colonization: A Before-After-Control-Impact Approach

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

David Christianson ,

* E-mail: dchristianson@email.arizona.edu

Affiliation School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Scott Creel

Affiliation Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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Wolves
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Predation
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Population dynamics
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Population growth
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Winter
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Predator-prey dynamics
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