Infra-Population and -Community Dynamics of the Parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and Consequences for Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Hosts

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Geoffrey R. Williams ,

* E-mail: geoffrey.r.williams@gmail.com

Affiliations Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
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Dave Shutler,

Affiliation Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Karen L. Burgher-MacLellan,

Affiliation Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Richard E. L. Rogers

Current address: Bayer Bee Care Center, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Wildwood Labs, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Honey bees
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Nosema
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Social systems
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Parasitic diseases
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Food consumption
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Parasitism
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Polymerase chain reaction
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Public and occupational health
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