A Case-Control Study of the Protective Effect of Alcohol, Coffee, and Cigarette Consumption on Parkinson Disease Risk: Time-Since-Cessation Modifies the Effect of Tobacco Smoking

• Marianne van der Mark,

  Affiliation Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Peter C. G. Nijssen,

  Affiliations Department of Neurology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands, Department of Neurology, TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Jelle Vlaanderen,

  Affiliation Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Anke Huss,

  Affiliation Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Wim M. Mulleners,

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Antonetta M. G. Sas,

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Teus van Laar,

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Hans Kromhout,

  Affiliation Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

  ⨯
• Roel Vermeulen

  * E-mail: r.c.h.vermeulen@uu.nl

  Affiliations Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands

  ⨯