HbA_1c Variability as an Independent Risk Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes: A German/Austrian Multicenter Analysis on 35,891 Patients

• Julia M. Hermann ,

  * E-mail: julia.hermann@uni-ulm.de

  Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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• Hans-Peter Hammes,

  Affiliation 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

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• Birgit Rami-Merhar,

  Affiliation Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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• Joachim Rosenbauer,

  Affiliation Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

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• Morten Schütt,

  Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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• Erhard Siegel,

  Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine II, St. Josefs Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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• Reinhard W. Holl,

  Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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• on behalf of the DPV Initiative the German BMBF Competence Network Diabetes Mellitus