Enhancement of Differentiation and Mineralisation of Osteoblast-like Cells by Degenerate Electrical Waveform in an In Vitro Electrical Stimulation Model Compared to Capacitive Coupling

• Michelle Griffin,

  Affiliation Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Anil Sebastian,

  Affiliation Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• James Colthurst,

  Affiliation Fenzian Ltd., Berkshire, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Ardeshir Bayat

  * E-mail: ardeshir.bayat@manchester.ac.uk

  Affiliations Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, South Manchester University Hospital Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, South Manchester University Hospital Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom

  ⨯