Comparative Toxicities and Synergism of Apple Orchard Pesticides to Apis mellifera (L.) and Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski)

• David J. Biddinger,

  Affiliations Fruit Research and Extension Center, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Jacqueline L. Robertson ,

  * E-mail: thesmokesdude@aol.com

  Affiliation USDA Forest Service PSW Station, Albany, California, United States of America

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• Chris Mullin,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• James Frazier,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Sara A. Ashcraft,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Edwin G. Rajotte,

  Affiliation Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Neelendra K. Joshi,

  Affiliations Fruit Research and Extension Center, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Mace Vaughn

  Affiliation The Xerces Society, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

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