Programmatically Selected Multidrug-Resistant Strains Drive the Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa

• Borna Müller ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Borna Müller, Violet N. Chihota

  Affiliations DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Violet N. Chihota ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Borna Müller, Violet N. Chihota

  Affiliations DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, The Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa

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• Manormoney Pillay,

  Affiliation Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

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• Marisa Klopper,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Elizabeth M. Streicher,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Gerrit Coetzee,

  Affiliation National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa

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• Andre Trollip,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Cindy Hayes,

  Affiliation National Health Laboratory Service, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

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• Marlein E. Bosman,

  Affiliation National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Nicolaas C. Gey van Pittius,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Thomas C. Victor,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Sebastien Gagneux,

  Affiliations Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Paul D. van Helden,

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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• Robin M. Warren

  * E-mail: rw1@sun.ac.za

  Affiliation DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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