Manipulating Individual Decisions and Environmental Conditions Reveal Individual Quality in Decision-Making and Non-Lethal Costs of Predation Risk

• Robert L. Thomson ,

  * E-mail: robtho@utu.fi

  Affiliation Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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• Gustavo Tomás,

  Current address: Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Carretera de Sacramento, La Cañada de San Urbano-Almería, Spain

  Affiliation Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain

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• Jukka T. Forsman,

  Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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• Mikko Mönkkönen

  Affiliation Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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