Smoking during Pregnancy Is Associated with a Decreased Incidence of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries in Nulliparous Women

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Sari Räisänen ,

* E-mail: sari.raisanen@savonia.fi

Affiliation Department of Nursing, Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Iisalmi, Finland
⨯
Katri Vehviläinen-Julkunen,

Affiliations Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Mika Gissler,

Affiliations Information Department, Welfare and Health Data Resources Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden
⨯
Seppo Heinonen

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Labor and delivery
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Pregnancy
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Smoking habits
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Epidemiology
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Obstetrics and gynecology
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Birth
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Traumatic injury risk factors
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Multivariate analysis
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