Age Determination by Back Length for African Savanna Elephants: Extending Age Assessment Techniques for Aerial-Based Surveys

• Morgan J. Trimble,

  Affiliation Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

  ⨯
• Rudi J. van Aarde ,

  * E-mail: rjvaarde@zoology.up.ac.za

  Affiliation Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

  ⨯
• Sam M. Ferreira,

  Affiliations Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa

  ⨯
• Camilla F. Nørgaard,

  Affiliation Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

  ⨯
• Johan Fourie,

  Affiliation Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

  ⨯
• Phyllis C. Lee,

  Affiliations Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya, Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Cynthia J. Moss

  Affiliation Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya

  ⨯