Discriminating Multi-Species Populations in Biofilms with Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (PNA FISH)

• Carina Almeida,

  Affiliations Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualta, Braga, Portugal, Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

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• Nuno F. Azevedo,

  Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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• Sílvio Santos,

  Affiliation Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualta, Braga, Portugal

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• Charles W. Keevil,

  Affiliation Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

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• Maria J. Vieira

  * E-mail: mjv@deb.uminho.pt

  Affiliation Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualta, Braga, Portugal

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