Who is more likely to make causal claims in observational studies? The role of author experience, team size, cultural background, and gender in scientific framing

Jun Wang; Bei Yu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0354292

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Who is more likely to make causal claims in observational studies? The role of author experience, team size, cultural background, and gender in scientific framing

Jun Wang,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Independent Researcher, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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Bei Yu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: byu@syr.edu

Affiliation School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-0011

⨯

Who is more likely to make causal claims in observational studies? The role of author experience, team size, cultural background, and gender in scientific framing

Jun Wang,
Bei Yu

Published: August 12, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354292

About the Authors

Jun Wang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Independent Researcher, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

Bei Yu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: byu@syr.edu

Affiliation School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-0011

Competing Interests

No.

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