About the Authors

Jana A. Hirsch

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

JAH474@drexel.edu

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Lilah M. Besser

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Marcia Pescador Jimenez

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stephen T. Dickinson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Talea Cornelius

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Stephen T. Francisco

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Katherine Lawin

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Hoda S. Abdel Magid

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population and Public Health Sciences and Spatial Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Sandra S. Albrecht

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Norrina Bai Allen

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Pallavi Balte

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Sharrelle Barber

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movements & Population Health Equity and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Lori A. Bateman

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Lauren B. Beach

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jason P. Block

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Scott C. Brown

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Russell G. Buhr

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation David Geffen School of Medicine & Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Earle C. Chambers

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family and Social Medicine and Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

James L. Crooks

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America

Ana V. Diez Roux

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mitchell S. V. Elkind

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Linda C. Gallo

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America

Penny Gordon-Larsen

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jose Gutierrez

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Carmen R. Isasi

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Peter James

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Suzanne E. Judd

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Alka M. Kanaya

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Namratha R. Kandula

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Joel D. Kaufman

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Kiarri N. Kershaw

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Anna M. Kucharska-Newton

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Erin R. Kulick

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Joyce S. Lee

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, United States of America

Gina S. Lovasi

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Dave Mauger

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Leslie A. McClure

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Steven Melly

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Sharon Stein Merkin

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Geriatrics, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Yvonne L. Michael

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gabriela R. Oates

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Brenda R. Phillips

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jessica A. Reese

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

Elizabeth A. Regan

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America

Cameron J. Reimer

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Daniel A. Rodriguez

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Transportation Studies and Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Tatjana Rundek

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Michael Schembri

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Mario Sims

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America

Nicole L. Spartano

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carla Wilson

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Research Informatics Services, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America

Yiyi Zhang

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Elizabeth C. Oelsner

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: RGB is employed by the Department of Veterans Affairs, the positions and findings in this manuscript do not necessarily reflect those of the United States government. Dr. Buhr received personal fees from Viatris/Theravance Biopharma, DynaMed, and American College of Physicians, not related to this work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.