About the Authors

Robert W. Hurley

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hurleyjournalwork@gmail.com

‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Public Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Pain Outcomes Lab, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Daniel Guth

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Elaine L. Hill

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Meredith C. B. Adams

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Public Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Pain Outcomes Lab, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America, Center for Artificial Intelligence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

RWH- Cooperative (e.g., U grants), Nevro, Inc -- research grants to the institution on painful diabetic neuropathy not related to this work, and State Farm -- expert/consulting not related to this work. DG- No relevant COI. ELH- NIH grants as listed. MCBA- Cooperative (e.g., U grants).