About the Authors

Jennifer A. Deal

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

jdeal1@jhu.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Wuyang Zhang

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Kening Jiang

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Alison Huang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

James Russell Pike

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Amplifon SpA, Milan, Italy

Michelle Arnold

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Behavioral & Community Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Sheila Burgard

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Ziheng (Sally) Chen

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Theresa Chisolm

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Behavioral & Community Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

David Couper

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Adele M. Goman

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Nancy W. Glynn

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Theresa Gmelin

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Lisa Gravens-Mueller

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kathleen M. Hayden

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Christine M. Mitchell

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

James S. Pankow

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Nicholas S. Reed

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Methodology

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Amplifon SpA, Milan, Italy

Victoria Sanchez

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Jennifer A. Schrack

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Kevin Sullivan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America

Frank R. Lin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Josef Coresh

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition

Affiliation Optimal Aging Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

on behalf of the ACHIEVE Collaborative Research Group

Membership of the the ACHIEVE Collaborative Research Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

Jennifer A. Deal, PhD – Participation on the Cognition & Hearing Advisory Board for Sonova/Phonak, Associate Editor for the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences and acting as the interim director of a public health research center funded in part by a philanthropic donation from Cochlear to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Wuyang Zhang, MHS – Reports no disclosures Kening Jiang, MHS – Reports no disclosures Alison Huang, PhD – Reports no disclosures James Russell Pike, MBA – Reports no disclosures Michelle Arnold, PhD – reports receiving grants from National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and National Institute on Aging outside the submitted work. Sheila Burgard, MS – Reports no disclosures Ziheng (Sally) Chen, ScM – Reports no disclosures Theresa Chisolm, PhD – Reports subcontract grant from NIH NIA during the conduct of the study David Couper, PhD – Reports contracts to his institution from National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study Adele M. Goman, PhD – Reports no disclosures Nancy W. Glynn, PhD – Reports no disclosures Theresa Gmelin, MSW MPH – Reports no disclosures Lisa Gravens-Mueller, MS – Reports no disclosures Kathleen Hayden, PhD – Reports no disclosures Christine M. Mitchell, ScM – Reports no disclosures James Pankow, PhD MPH – Reports no disclosures Nicholas S. Reed, AuD PhD – Reports formerly sitting on the advisory board of Neosensory from 2021-2023 and employee of Amplifon SpA, a publicly traded hearing care company Victoria Sanchez, AuD PhD – Reports industry funding related to consulting or research support from Otonomy 395 Inc, Autifony Therapeutics Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Frequency Therapeutics Ltd, Pipeline Therapeutics, Aerin Medical, Oticon Medical, Helen of Troy Ltd, Sonova Holding AG, and Phonak USA Jennifer Schrack, PhD – Consultant for Edwards Lifesciences, on the scientific advisory board of BellSant, Inc., and received an honorarium from the Villages, Inc. Kevin Sullivan, PhD – Reports no disclosures Frank Lin, MD PhD – serving as a volunteer board member of the nonprofit, Access HEARS, being a consultant to Frequency Therapeutics and Apple Inc, and being the director of a public health research center funded in part by a philanthropic donation from Cochlear Ltd. to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Josef Coresh, MD PhD – Reports no disclosures.