About the Authors

Pamela Miloya Godia

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

pamela.godia@uonbi.ac.ke

‡ These auhors are joint primary authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Michelle Hadjiconstantinou

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These auhors are joint primary authors on this work.

Affiliations Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Rosa Weyula

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Usagi Ememwa

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Samuel Seidu

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization

Affiliations Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), United Kingdom, Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

Peter Njoroge

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Joyce Muhenge Olenja

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

George Nyadimo Agot

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Jamin Avugwi

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public and Global Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Mary Coleman

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Alfred Yawson

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, Department of Polyclinic, Family Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana

Filipe Dulce

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology

Affiliation Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique

Joselia Chemane

Roles Methodology, Project administration

Affiliations Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, Instituto Nacionall de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique

Celia Novela

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, Instituto Nacionall de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique

Ana Mocumbi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology

Affiliations Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, Instituto Nacionall de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique

Deborah Ikhile

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Shabana Cassambai

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), United Kingdom

Albertino Damasceno

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, Instituto Nacionall de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique

Roberta Lamptey

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization

Affiliations University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, Department of Polyclinic, Family Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, Ghana College of Pharmacists, Accra, Ghana

Kamlesh Khunti

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization

Affiliations Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC-EM), United Kingdom, Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

KK has acted as a consultant, speaker or received grants for investigator-initiated studies for Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Hikma, Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Lilly and Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo, Applied Therapeutics, Embecta, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb and Nestle Health Science. KK is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM), NIHR Global Research Centre for Multiple Long-Term Conditions, NIHR Cross NIHR Collaboration for Multiple Long-Term Conditions,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Excellence. SS is in receipt of speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Abbott, Novo Nordisk, SB Communications, OmniaMed Communications, Roche, Napp Pharmaceuticals, NB Medical and Amgen; advisory board honoraria from AstraZeneca, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Abbott, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Takeda and Sanofi; educational grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Takeda; and conference registration and subsistence from Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Lilly, Novo, Nordisk, Abbott and Takeda. RL has received speaker honoraria, advisory board or educational grants or research funding: Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Sanofi. SC is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Group for Cardiometabolic Disease Research in Africa Partnership (CREATE). SC, DI, are supported by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM), NIHR Global Research Centre for Multiple Long-Term Conditions. PG, MH, RW, UE, PJ, JO, GA, JA, MC, AY, DF, AM, JC, CN, AD have declared no competing interests exists.” “This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.”