About the Authors

Caroline M. Godfrey

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Ashley A. Leech

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Kevin C. McGann

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Jinyi Zhu

Roles Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Hannah N. Marmor

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Sophia Pena

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Lyndsey C. Pickup

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Optellum Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom

Fabien Maldonado

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Evan C. Osmundson

Roles Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Stacie B. Dusetzina

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Eric L. Grogan

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

eric.grogan@vumc.org

Affiliations Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Stephen A. Deppen

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have read the Journal’s policy, and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Lyndsey C. Pickup is an employee of Optellum Ltd., which produces an artificial intelligence radiomic tool for use in indeterminate pulmonary nodules. Optellum Ltd. provided support in the form of salary for this author [LCP] but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The authors do not have any other relevant declarations relating to employment, consultancy, patents, products in development, or marketed products to declare.