About the Authors

Junhao Bao

Contributed equally to this work with: Junhao Bao, Wei Wang

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Wei Wang

Contributed equally to this work with: Junhao Bao, Wei Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence Application, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Yuelin Wu

Roles Validation

Affiliations Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Hao Ren

Roles Data curation

Affiliations Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence Application, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Smart Home Ward and Health Sensing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Zhaoquan Liang

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Qiang Xiao

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Yeyang Wang

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Fengshi Jing

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliations Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence Application, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Smart Home Ward and Health Sensing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China

Weibin Cheng

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

chwb817@gmail.com (WC); lizhang686@163.com (LZ)

Affiliations Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence Application, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Smart Home Ward and Health Sensing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Li Zhang

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

chwb817@gmail.com (WC); lizhang686@163.com (LZ)

Affiliations Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.