Target switching in 2D and 3D visual foraging reveals trade-offs between mental effort, travelling distance and movement speed

Emre Orun; Robin J. Green; Carlo De Lillo

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342298

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Target switching in 2D and 3D visual foraging reveals trade-offs between mental effort, travelling distance and movement speed

Emre Orun,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2601-0860

⨯
Robin J. Green,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-4409

⨯
Carlo De Lillo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: cdl2@le.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-4795

⨯

Target switching in 2D and 3D visual foraging reveals trade-offs between mental effort, travelling distance and movement speed

Emre Orun,
Robin J. Green,
Carlo De Lillo

Published: February 12, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342298

About the Authors

Emre Orun

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2601-0860

Robin J. Green

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-4409

Carlo De Lillo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: cdl2@le.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-4795

Competing Interests

None.

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Foraging
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Vision
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Working memory
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Experimental psychology
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Virtual reality
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Animal navigation
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Behavior
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Experimental design
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