About the Authors

Diamondra Ramiandrisoa

Contributed equally to this work with: Diamondra Ramiandrisoa, Florent Bédécarrats, Melvin H. L. Wong, Thierry Razanakoto

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – Review & Editing

aina_diamondra.ramiandrisoa@ird.fr

Current Address: Development Centre for Economic Studies and Research, Economics Department, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Affiliations Development Centre for Economic Studies and Research (CERED), Economics Department, Faculty of Economics, Management, and Sociology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Unité Mixte Internationale – Soutenabilité et Résilience (UMI-SOURCE), Guyancourt, France, University of Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Antananarivo, Madagascar

Florent Bédécarrats

Contributed equally to this work with: Diamondra Ramiandrisoa, Florent Bédécarrats, Melvin H. L. Wong, Thierry Razanakoto

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – Review & Editing

Current Address: Unité Mixte Internationale – Soutenabilité et Résilience (UMI-SOURCE), Guyancourt, France

Affiliations Unité Mixte Internationale – Soutenabilité et Résilience (UMI-SOURCE), Guyancourt, France, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Guyancourt, France

Melvin H. L. Wong

Contributed equally to this work with: Diamondra Ramiandrisoa, Florent Bédécarrats, Melvin H. L. Wong, Thierry Razanakoto

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Affiliation Evaluation Department, KfW Development Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Thierry Razanakoto

Contributed equally to this work with: Diamondra Ramiandrisoa, Florent Bédécarrats, Melvin H. L. Wong, Thierry Razanakoto

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Current Address: Development Centre for Economic Studies and Research, Economics Department, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Affiliations Development Centre for Economic Studies and Research (CERED), Economics Department, Faculty of Economics, Management, and Sociology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Unité Mixte Internationale – Soutenabilité et Résilience (UMI-SOURCE), Guyancourt, France

Competing Interests

The research activities are partially funded by KfW Development Bank in form of a scientific cooperation contract. This contract guarantees that the research activities are conducted independently from any competing interests. The employment of Melvin H. L. Wong at KfW Development Bank and the partial funding of research activities does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.