About the Authors

Jessica K. Sprinkles

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America

Qiyao Qin

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Charles Steward

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Annie Green Howard

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Anju Lulla

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America

Autumn G. Hullings

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

J Jeffrey Carr

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Saame Raza Shaikh

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Christy L. Avery

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kari E. North

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Penny Gordon-Larsen

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Katie A. Meyer

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

ktmeyer@unc.edu

Affiliations Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

Balchem Corp, a company that makes choline for diet supplements and animal feed, contributed a research gift to the Nutrition Research Institute, which funded LC-MS metabolite quantification.