About the Authors

Christine Prosperi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Natalya Kostandova

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Andrea C. Carcelen

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Kalumbu H. Matakala

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Innocent C. Bwalya

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Gloria Musukwa

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Mutinta Hamahuwa

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Irene Mutale

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration

† Deceased.

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Kenny Situtu

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Gershom Chongwe

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Phillimon Ndubani

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Edgar Simulundu

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

George Chipulu

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Joseph Musowoya

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Jonathan Kaunda Mwansa

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Vickins Malambo

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Moses Chakopo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Chaambwa Hachoose

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Miriam Kabalo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Emmanuel Luwaya

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Auto Madzire

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Rebecca Moyo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Clement Chimuka Mukwengo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Tula C. Mwansa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Sandwe Nkoma

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Brian Siwakwi

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Chipo Syamungulu

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Susan Nafukwe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Choma General Hospital, Choma, Zambia

Evans Betha

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Lombe Kampamba

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Kelvin Kapungu

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Japhet Matoba

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Passwell Munachoonga

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Mathias Muleka

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Webster Mufwambi

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Health Research and Training Institute, Ndola, Zambia

Sydney Vwalika

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia

Alvira Z. Hasan

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Amy K. Winter

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, United States of America, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases; University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, United States of America

Constance Sakala

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of ZambiaLusaka, Zambia

Francis Dien Mwansa

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of ZambiaLusaka, Zambia, UNICEF, Lusaka, Zambia

William J. Moss

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Simon Mutembo

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

smutemb1@jhmi.edu

Affiliation Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.