About the Authors

Amjed A. Ahmed

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation University of Imam Al-Kadhum, Baghdad, Iraq

Aqeel Kamil Kadhim

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Imam Alkadhum College (IKC), Baghdad, Iraq

Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia

Sumaia M. AL-Ghuribi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Software Engineering Department, College of Computer Engineering & Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

Dhafar Hamed Abd

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization

Affiliation College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar Ramadi, Ramadi, Iraq

Salah A. Aliesawi

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization

Affiliation College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar Ramadi, Ramadi, Iraq

Belal Abdullah Hezam Murshed

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Amran University, Amran City, Yemen

Luke Topham

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

l.k.topham@ljmu.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Wasiq Khan

Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Abir Jaafar Hussain

Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.