About the Authors

Brian Hilliard

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Tanvi Mehta

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

James Grace

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Deborah L. Pestka

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

pestk003@umn.edu

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Nicholas E. Ingraham

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Timothy Beebe

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision

Affiliations Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Division of Health Policy Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Christopher Tignanelli

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Genevieve B. Melton

Roles Supervision

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Nathan Shippee

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Health Policy Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Joseph S. Koopmeiners

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis

Affiliations Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Michael Usher

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.