About the Authors
- Eva Sharma
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Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: evasharma@westat.com
Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Johanna Dubsky
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Data curation, Formal analysis
Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Michael Halenar
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Data curation, Methodology
Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Adam F. Benson
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Alexander Maki
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Andrea L. Ruybal
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Aura Lee Morse
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Michael D. Sawdey
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Silvana Skara
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Susana Addo Ntim
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Hoshing W. Chang
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Ther W. Aung
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Heather L. Kimmel
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Jennifer L. Pearson
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada -- Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Maansi Bansal-Travers
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Kristie A. Taylor
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Andrew Hyland
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Thomas E. Novotny
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Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny
Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
Competing Interests
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies. This article was prepared while Ther W. Aung was employed at NIDA and Kelly Government Solutions, Michael Halenar was employed at Westat, and Hoshing Chang was employed at the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Pearson is a paid expert witness for the Plaintiffs in a Multi-District Litigation invoking Natural American Spirit Cigarettes and a paid expert witness for the Plaintiffs in Derivative Litigation invoking Altria Group, Inc. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by the University of Nevada, Reno in accordance with their conflicts of interest policies. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.