About the Authors

Eva Sharma

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

evasharma@westat.com

Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Johanna Dubsky

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Michael Halenar

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Data curation, Methodology

Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Adam F. Benson

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Alexander Maki

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Andrea L. Ruybal

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Aura Lee Morse

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Michael D. Sawdey

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Silvana Skara

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Susana Addo Ntim

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Hoshing W. Chang

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Ther W. Aung

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Heather L. Kimmel

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Jennifer L. Pearson

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada -- Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America

Maansi Bansal-Travers

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America

Kristie A. Taylor

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Westat, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Andrew Hyland

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America

Thomas E. Novotny

Contributed equally to this work with: Johanna Dubsky, Katherine V. Garcia-Rosales, Michael Halenar, Adam F. Benson, Alexander Maki, Andrea L. Ruybal, Aura Lee Morse, Michael D. Sawdey, Rudaina Alrefai-Kirkpatrick, Silvana Skara, Susana Addo Ntim, Hoshing W. Chang, Ther W. Aung, Heather L. Kimmel, Jennifer L. Pearson, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Kristie A. Taylor, Andrew Hyland, Thomas E. Novotny

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies. This article was prepared while Ther W. Aung was employed at NIDA and Kelly Government Solutions, Michael Halenar was employed at Westat, and Hoshing Chang was employed at the Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Pearson is a paid expert witness for the Plaintiffs in a Multi-District Litigation invoking Natural American Spirit Cigarettes and a paid expert witness for the Plaintiffs in Derivative Litigation invoking Altria Group, Inc. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by the University of Nevada, Reno in accordance with their conflicts of interest policies. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.