Improved predictive formulae for wave overtopping at sloped breakwaters using interpretable machine learning models

M. A. Habib; S. Abolfathi; J. J. O’Sullivan; M. Salauddin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337830

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Improved predictive formulae for wave overtopping at sloped breakwaters using interpretable machine learning models

M. A. Habib,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0649-0493

⨯
S. Abolfathi,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
⨯
J. J. O’Sullivan,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
⨯
M. Salauddin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: md.salauddin@ucd.ie

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-9236

⨯

Improved predictive formulae for wave overtopping at sloped breakwaters using interpretable machine learning models

M. A. Habib,
S. Abolfathi,
J. J. O’Sullivan,
M. Salauddin

Published: December 10, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337830

About the Authors

M. A. Habib

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0649-0493

S. Abolfathi

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

J. J. O’Sullivan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

M. Salauddin

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: md.salauddin@ucd.ie

Affiliation UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-9236

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Forecasting
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Machine learning algorithms
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