About the Authors

Anshul Thakur

Contributed equally to this work with: Anshul Thakur, Bernardo Meza-Torres

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Bernardo Meza-Torres

Contributed equally to this work with: Anshul Thakur, Bernardo Meza-Torres

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

bernardo.meza-torres@phc.ox.ac.uk, bm0029@surrey.ac.uk

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Xuejuan Fan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Rachel Byford

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Mark Joy

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Wilhelmine Meeraus

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Evidence, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Sudhir Venkatesan

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation

Affiliation Medical and Payer Evidence Statistics, Biopharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Sylvia Taylor

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Validation

Affiliation Medical Evidence, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Simon de Lusignan

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC), London, United Kingdom

David A. Clifton

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

WM, SV and ST are/were (at the time of manuscript submission) employees of AstraZeneca and may hold AstraZeneca stocks/shares. DAC was supported by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Professorship, an RAEng Research Chair, the InnoHK Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), and the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford. SdL is Director of the Research and Surveillance Centre; has received research funding through University of Oxford for vaccine-related research from AstraZeneca, GSK, Moderna, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Seqirus; and has been a member of advisory boards for AstraZeneca, GSK, Sanofi, and Seqirus, with any funding paid to University of Oxford. All other authors do not declare competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.