About the Authors

Hilary Stewart

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

h.stewart4@lancaster.ac.uk

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Xiubin Zhang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Yasemin Hirst

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Applied Health Research Hub, University of Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Laura Wareing

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Lisa Ashmore

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Christopher Gaffney

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Charlotte Hadley

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Ces Kulikowski

Roles Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Jo Rycroft-Malone

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Clifford Shelton

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom, Department of Anaesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom

Andrew Smith

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Collaborators

A list of collaborators is provided in the acknowledgements.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.