About the Authors

Remi Kodera

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Yoshiaki Tamura

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

tamurayo@tmghig.jp

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Yuji Murao

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Fumino Yorikawa

Roles Data curation

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Ai Iizuka

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Kazuhito Oba

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Kenji Toyoshima

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Yuko Chiba

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Joji Ishikawa

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Atsushi Araki

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan, Center for Comprehensive Care and Research for Prefrailty, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: AA received speaker honoraria from Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. (https://www.sumitomo-pharma.com) and Novo Nordisk Pharma, Ltd. (https://www.novonordisk.com) outside of the submitted work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.